The Evangelicals by Frances Fitzgerald is a comprehensive history of white evangelical movements in the United States, geared to provide a deeper understanding of present-day evangelicals and their influence.
Journalist and historian Frances FitzGerald ( Fire in the Lake) presents nearly 300 years of complex ideologies, schisms, social reforms and energetically creative theology in a well-organized, eye-opening narrative.
FitzGerald locates some of the deepest roots of U.S. culture in the two Protestant revivals of the 18th and early 19th centuries, known as the Great Awakenings. The revivalists of these movements transformed the rigid and hierarchical colonial society into the more democratic and free-thinking one of the 19th century. Their version of Christianity dominated the U.S. for a hundred years and "brought a populist anti-intellectual strain into American Protestantism" that still reverberates in American distrust of expertise and belief in individual freedom and conscience.
Early revivalists lobbied for the separation of church and state, and many fought against social hierarchies and religious organizations. But they eventually split over the abolition of slavery and the civil war. In the South, "the rejection of emancipation led to the rejection of all social reform," as well as a separation of religion from social and political life that mostly held until the Moral Majority and Roe v. Wade.
This book is not only for those with a particular interest in religious history; it is for anyone with a serious interest in American social movements, politics and culture. It is a history that strongly re-emphasizes the evolution of a nation, and those who hope to shape the future are wise to study the past.
Library Journal Prepub Alert (11/15/2016):
A historian to be reckoned with as winner of the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the Bancroft Prize, FitzGerald here considers what the evangelical movement has meant to America. She begins in the 1700s and 1800s with the Great Awakening and moves to the present, showing that evangelism is not a strictly right-wing phenomenon.
Booklist (02/01/2017):
*Starred Review* Far more important than hanging chads, it was praying Evangelicals who put the born-again George Bush in the White House in 2000. But Bush's electoral victory figures as just one episode in FitzGerald's capacious history of Evangelical American Protestantism. This rich narrative ranges across the various Evangelical denominations while illuminating the doctrinesespecially personal conversion as spiritual rebirth, and adherence to the Bible as ultimate truththat unite them. FitzGerald particularly excels in limning pivotal Evangelical personalities: from the brimstone-preaching Jonathan Edwards, who kindled Colonial America's Great Awakening; through the indefatigable Dwight Crazy Moody, whose Bible societies preserved faith during the Gilded Age; to Billy Graham, whose Evangelical charisma vaulted him into twentieth-century celebrityhood. The Evangelical movement takes on a newly political character when Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson enlist late twentieth-century coreligionists as Religious Right warriors on issues such as school prayer, abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, and same-sex marriage. Conservative readers may judge FitzGerald too one-sided in her indictment of Evangelicals for having polarized America on these matters. But few can dispute her conclusion that conservative Evangelical leaders have lost clout, millions of those in Evangelical pews blithely ignoring their leaders' anathemas against the casino-building womanizer Donald Trump. A complex and fascinating epic.
Publishers Weekly (02/13/2017):
Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and historian FitzGerald (Fire in the Lake) provides a compelling narrative history of "the white evangelical movements necessary to understand the Christian right and its evangelical opponents." Dispatching pre-20th-century events in the first three chapters, and the period from 1900 to 1945 in just two more, FitzGerald focuses most closely on evangelical culture and politics from the rise of Billy Graham through the Obama presidency. She skillfully introduces readers to the terminology, key debates, watershed events, and personalities that have populated the history of white American evangelical Protestant culture in the last half-century. She explains issues such as fundamentalism, biblical inerrancy, Christian nationalism, civil religion and anticommunism, the charismatic movement, and abortion, and introduces such diverse figures as Karl Barth, Jerry Falwell, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Pat Robertson. Also present, though less prominently featured, are members of the evangelical left, such as Ron Sider and James Wallis. Attention to intraevangelical theological and political differences is especially welcome at a time when evangelical and even Christian have become stand-ins for the Christian right. A substantial bibliography and endnotes will assist readers who wish to delve more deeply into specific topics. This is a timely and accessible contribution to the rapidly growing body of literature on Christianity in modern America. (Mar.)
Kirkus Reviews (02/15/2017):
Another superb work by renowned but long-absent political journalist FitzGerald (Vietnam: Spirits of the Earth, 2002, etc.), this one centering on the roiling conflict among American brands of Christianity.The author opens with a brief revisitation of a moment when progressive evangelicalism seemed ascendant: the presidential campaign of Jimmy Carter, which soon gave way to a reborn kind of hidebound Christianity in the form of the anti-humanist Christian right, "declaring holy war against 'secular humanism' and vowing to mobilize evangelicals to arrest the moral decay of the country." Thus ever it has been, from the burned-over revivalism of the 19th century to the latest religio-revanchisms from Colorado Springs or Lynchburg. By FitzGerald's account, this revival of the right truly has been a revival, for after the Scopes Monkey Trial of 1925, "most informed people thought fundamentalism dead." However, through rightists such as Billy Graham, fundamentalism was reborn as a political force. FitzGerald traces the culture wars that have since riven the country to the divisions between liberal and right-wing visions of Christianity as well as larger elements of society. In the 1960s, she notes, "most conservative Christians were horrified by the counterculture, but a number of young evangelical ministers, most of them Pentacostals, saw the potential in it for conversions." Granted that many of the converted became conservative themselves and that the Christian right is, in the author's view, mostly a reaction against the social revolution of that era, what has happened since is truly fascinating: the right wing of evangelical American Christianity has made a devil's bargain with politicians such as the sitting president, who claimed the Bible as his favorite book but "did not seem to remember even a verse of it." In making that bargain, it also may be making a last stand, since millennials are abandoning religion in droves, and those who do go to church are "on the whole more sympathetic with progressive positions than with those of the right." Overflowing with historical anecdote and contemporary reportage and essential to interpreting the current political and cultural landscape.
Library Journal (03/01/2017):
Evangelicalism might appear as a monolithic movement that regularly rises and flames out while attempting to impose its will upon society. FitzGerald (Lake of Fire) provides a more nuanced and diverse portrayal of evangelicalism. The first third of this book is a historical overview of evangelicalism from the First Great Awakening in the 18th century to the Neo-Evangelical movement of the 1940s and 1950s. A clear historical arc provides insights into the background and dynamics that animate evangelicals today and the history they share with so-called mainline denominations. FitzGerald's focus, however, is a detailed exploration of the last 50 years, with a particular emphasis on the rise of the Christian Right and its role in politics and the Republican Party. Given the relatively compressed time frame, FitzGerald does a remarkable job of navigating through the weeds, putting caricatures of evangelicals to rest. One should note that while they have much in common, FitzGerald does not include African American churches because their history with their white counterparts diverges early on. VERDICT FitzGerald has provided readers of U.S. history and religion an excellent work that is certain to be a standard text for understanding contemporary evangelicalism and the American impulse to reform its society.--James Wetherbee, Wingate Univ. Libs., NC
Library Journal (11/15/2016):
A historian to be reckoned with as winner of the Pulitzer Prize, the National Book Award, and the Bancroft Prize, FitzGerald here considers what the evangelical movement has meant to America. She begins in the 1700s and 1800s with the Great Awakening and moves to the present, showing that evangelism is not a strictly right-wing phenomenon.
Copyright 2016 Library Journal, LLC Used with permission.
Choice (11/01/2017):
In her brief, summary/introduction to The Evangelicals, FitzGerald (a prize-winning journalist and author) writes that to "understand the Christian Right," one must understand "white Evangelical movements." The author devotes three chapters to an exploration of the 18th- and 19th-century roots of Evangelicalism. In the balance of the book (chapters 4-17), she focuses on the 20th century, providing a thoughtful examination of the rise, development, and ultimate transformation of the Christian Right. She gives particular attention to key Evangelical figures such as Billy Graham, Jerry Falwell, and Francis Schaeffer. In contrast to other interpreters of the Evangelical subculture, FitzGerald includes the voices of those within the Evangelical movement who opposed the work and values of the religious Right. Although the book is intimidating in length, committed readers will be rewarded with an impressive, clear, and authoritative description of a once-powerful force in US culture and politics. This reviewer was left hoping for a revised version that adds a chapter on the impact of the Trump presidency on the movement. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Lower-division undergraduates through faculty and professionals; general readers.--L. H. Hoyle, Campbell University
Review Quotes:
"This is an important book. FitzGerald has written a monumental history of how evangelicalism has shaped America. Few movements in our long story have had as significant an influence on American life and culture as conservative Christianity, and FitzGerald does full justice to the subject's scope and complexity."--Jon Meacham, Pulitzer Prize winning author of Destiny and Power and Thomas Jefferson
